Real-time capable transient model of liquid water dynamics in proton exchange membrane Fuel Cells

Optimal control of liquid water dynamics plays an instrumental role in achieving optimised performance and prolonged lifetime PEM Fuel Cells (PEMFC). Tackling these challenges calls for precise on-line monitoring tools such as coupled virtual observers taking into consideration also dynamics. The latter proves to be especially challenging model due varying retention removal rates gaseous depending on the operating conditions thus representing a longstanding knowledge gap. To fill this gap, contribution presents derivation 1D+1D system level physically motivated two-phase PEMFC, which enables consistent treatment all seven most influential regions namely membrane, anode cathode channels, GDLs, catalyst layers, while exhibiting real-time readiness with factor 0.0449. is extensively tested single-cell data, consists five sets experiments different regimes durations. Overall results exhibit good agreement experimental data performed tests R2 factors larger than 0.95. Newly developed features enable its use development advanced methodologies hardware-in-the-loop well digital twin applications.